Fifty years ago, Keldysh introduced an important idea. Treating both gases and solids on the same footing, he showed that strong-field ionization—valence-band to conduction-band transitions in ...

Substances can exist in three states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. Substances can change states. To change the state of a substance energy must be transferred to, or from, the substance. Phew! On ...

In 2007, Duke Energy’s W.H. Zimmer Station set out to advance the overall performance of its flue gas desulfurization (FGD) dewatering process. The plant implemented a variety of measures, including ...